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effects.of.single.parents.on.financial.stability [2015/05/15 15:20]
marri [3. Poverty]
effects.of.single.parents.on.financial.stability [2022/03/23 16:14] (current)
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 +==========Effects of Single Parents on Financial Stability==========
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 +=====1. Income=====
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 +In 1991, female-headed households with children had the [[effects_of_family_structure_on_income|lowest median income]] of all family households with children.((Julie DaVanzo and M. Omar Rahman, “American Families: Trends and Correlates,” //Population Index// 59, no. 3 (1993): 366.)) [[effects_of_out-of-wedlock_births_on_poverty|Never-married single mothers]] were worse off economically when their child began the first grade than were any other mothers.((Doris R. Entwisle and Karl L. Alexander, “A Parent's Economic Shadow: Family Structure Versus Family Resources as Influences on Early School Achievement,” //Journal of Marriage and Family// 57, no. 2 (1995): 406.)) Furthermore, at the time their children are born, the economic status of single mothers over age 20 resembles that of teenage single mothers more closely than it resembles that of married mothers their own age (as gauged by income-to-needs ratio, poverty status, welfare use, and work-force participation and behavior).((M.E. Foster, Damon Jones, and Saul D. Hoffman, “The Economic Impact of Nonmarital Childbearing: How are Older, Single Mothers Faring?” //Journal of Marriage and the Family// 60, no. 1 (1998): 165, 172.))
 +=====2. Net Worth=====
 +
 +Single-mother families possess significantly [[effects_of_family_structure_on_the_economy|less net worth]] than [[effects_of_marriage_on_financial_stability|married parents]], [[effects.of.stepfamilies.on.financial.stability|stepfamilies]], and single fathers. Twenty-five percent of single-mother families have wealth exceeding $3,500 and 50 percent have either no wealth or negative wealth (in debt).((Lingxin Hao, “Family Structure, Private Transfers, and the Economic Well-Being of Families with Children,” //Social Forces// 75, no. 1 (1996): 279.)) 
 +
 +=====3. Poverty=====
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 +Analysis of the 1997 and 1999 waves of the National Survey of America’s Families showed that the rate of poverty was 30.9-43.1 percent higher among single-parent families than among married, two-parent families.((Robert I. Lerman, “Impacts of Marital Status and Parental Presence on the Material Hardship of Families with Children,” //Urban Institute// (2002): 14.)) 
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 +[[effects_of_single_parents_on_poverty_rates|Single motherhood]] is the strongest determinant of female poverty in the United States.((Marjorie E. Starrels, Sally Bould, and Leon J. Nicholas, “The Feminization of Poverty In the United States: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Family Factors,” //Journal of Family Issues// 15, (1994): 590-607.)) According to one estimate, almost half of single mothers are in poverty.((Julie DaVanzo and M. Omar Rahman, “American Families: Trends and Correlates,” //Population Index// 59, no. 3 (1993): 366.)) According to another estimate, 30 percent of women whose first child was born [[effects_of_out-of-wedlock_births_on_poverty|out of wedlock are poor]], compared to 8 percent of women whose first child was born inside wedlock.((Daniel T. Lichter, Deborah R. Graefe, and J.B. Brown, “Is Marriage A Panacea? Union Formation Among Economically Disadvantaged Unwed Mothers,” //Social Problems// 50, (2003): 60-86.))
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 +Fifty-five percent of single mothers who work part-time and do not marry the fathers of their children live in poverty. According to [[effects_of_single_parents_on_poverty_rates|one simulation]], if they were to marry their child’s father, only 17 percent would be impoverished. One hundred percent of unemployed single mothers who do not marry the fathers of their children live in poverty; according to the same simulation, should these mothers [[effects_of_marriage_on_child_poverty|marry their child’s father]], only 35 percent would be impoverished.((Robert Rector, Kirk Johnson, Patrick Fagan, and Lauren Noyes, “Increasing Marriage Will Dramatically Reduce Child Poverty,” //The Heritage Foundation//, CDA03-06, (2003). Available from [[http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2003/05/increasing-marriage-would-dramatically-reduce-child-poverty]]. Accessed 29 April 2011.))
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 +Many single mothers [[effects_of_welfare_on_families|receive government aid]] in the form of welfare. More than 75 percent of single teenage mothers receive welfare within five years of giving birth.((J. Jacobson and R. Maynard, “Unwed Mothers and Long-Term Dependency” paper presented at the Addressing Illegitimacy: Welfare Reform Options for Congress conference at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (Washington, D.C., September 11, 1995).)) Forty percent of nonteenage single mothers are poor, and nearly 60 percent rely on food stamps or cash welfare payments after the birth of their child.((Neil G. Bennett, David E. Bloom, and Cynthia K. Miller, “The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on Formation of First Marriages,” //Demography// 32, (1995): 47-62.)) Single mothers generally remain impoverished longer than divorced mothers. Whereas [[effects.of.divorce.on.financial.stability|divorced mothers]] who [[effects_of_welfare_on_families|receive welfare]] do so for three to four years, the always-single mother is less likely to stop receiving welfare and takes longer to exit poverty.((Julia Heath, “Determinants of Spells of Poverty Following Divorce,” //Review of Social Economy// 49, (1992): 305-315.))
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 +Receiving welfare may actually [[effects_of_welfare_on_families|decrease women’s employment]], a potential path out of poverty. Women are less likely to be employed in states with high levels of welfare benefits.((June O’Neill, “Transfers and Poverty: Cause and/or Effect?” //Cato Journal// 6, no.1 (1996): 55-76. 
 +\\ Greg J. Duncan, W. Jean Yeung, Jean Brooks-Gunn and Judith R. Smith, “How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?” //American Sociological Review// 63, (1998): 406-423.)) Findings from an experiment conducted by the U.S. Office of Income Security Policy show that female heads-of-households responded to income guarantees by significantly reducing their work effort.((L. Groeneveld, M. Hannan, and N. Tuma, //Marital Stability// Final Report of the Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiment, 1, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983).))
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 +Welfare benefits also correlate with a [[marriage_in_welfare_reform|decrease in the marriage rate]], diminishing another path out of poverty. A $100 increase in monthly welfare benefits for single mothers decreases a woman’s likelihood of marrying by 2.5- 5 percentage points.((Robert Moffitt and Anne Winkler, “Beyond Single Mothers: Cohabitation and Marriage in the AFDC Program,” //Demography// 35, no. 3 (1998): 267.)) According to one study, 80 percent of single parents who entered into select welfare programs remained single two to four years after first receiving payments.((Lisa A. Gennetian and Virginia Knox, “Staying Single: The Effects of Welfare Reform Policies on Marriage and Cohabitation,” //The Next Generation//, Working Paper no. 13 (2003): 20.)) In particular, receiving benefits from the AFDC welfare program corresponds with a 5 percent reduction in the marriage rate.((M.P. Bitler, J.B. Gelbach, H.W. Hoynes, and M. Zavodny, “The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce,” //Demography// 41, no. 2 (2004): 222.))
 +
 +=====4. Impact on Children=====
 +
 +Children in [[effects_of_single_parents_on_poverty_rates|single-parent households]] have less family income and are more likely to be poor than are children in [[effects_of_marriage_on_child_poverty|married-parent households]].((Adam Thomas and Isabell Sawhill, “For Love and Money? The Impact of Family Structure on Family Income,” //The Future of Children// 15, no. 2 (2005): 68.)) In fact, the children of single teenage mothers spend more time in poverty than children in any other family structure, ((V. Joseph Hotz, Susan Williams McElroy, and Seth G. Sanders, “The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on The Mothers and The Consequences of Those Impacts For Government,” in Rebecca Maynard and Saul Hoffman (eds.) //Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy// (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1997).)) and children in single-mother families are more likely than children in married or cohabiting families to receive any form of public assistance.((Peter D. Brandon and Larry Bumpass, “Children’s Living Arrangements, Coresidence of Unmarried Fathers, and Welfare Receipt,” //Journal of Family Issues// 22, (2001): 3-26.)) 
 +
 +Children of single-parent families have [[effects_of_family_structure_on_the_economy|diminished economic mobility]]. They are less likely than children of married-parent and divorced-parent families to ever earn an income which exceeds their parents’. Fifty-eight percent of children of never-married mothers, whose income is in the bottom third of the income distribution themselves, earn an income in the bottom third of the income distribution. Ten percent of these children move to the top third of the income distribution.((Thomas DeLeire and Leonard M. Lopoo, "Family Structure and the Economic Mobility of Children," //Economic Mobility Project//, (2010). Available at  [[http://www.economicmobility.org/assets/pdfs/Family_Structure.pdf]]. Accessed 14 March 2011, 11, 14.)) 
 +
 +Robert Lehrman of the Urban Institute has shown that if the marriage rate of 1971 had stayed the same, the poverty rates would not have risen but rather would have been 4 percent lower overall, 6 percent lower for blacks, and 24 percent lower for blacks when marriage-related changes were added. Thirty-seven percent more black children would have moved out of poverty when their single parent married, and 67 percent of poor white children born to single mothers would have moved out of poverty had their parents married.((Robert I. Lerman, “The Impact of the Changing US Family Structure on Child Poverty and Income  Inequality,” //Economica// 63, no. 250 (1996): S135.
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 +This entry draws heavily from [[http://marri.us/research/research-papers/marriage-and-economic-well-being-the-economy-of-the-family-rises-or-falls-with-marriage/|Marriage and Economic Well Being: The Economy Rises or Falls with Marriage]].))
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